@article { author = {Abd El-Aziz, Manal and Sharara, Gehan and El-Banna, Asmaa and El-Naggar, Shawky}, title = {A Study on Beta-Glucuronidase Enzyme as a Probable Biomarker in Cases of Acute Poisoning by Cholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitor Insecticides}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {1-11}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18670}, abstract = {Acute poisoning by cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors insecticide continues to be a detrimental problem and a potential cause of mortality especially in developing countries. Early intervention in such cases is proven to be helpful. The aim of the present work was to assess the role of serum β-glucuronidase level as probable marker for the assessment of acute cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors insecticides poisoning. Subjects and methods: the study included 60 cases of acute poisoning by cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors insecticides, admitted to the Poison unit of Alexandria Main University Hospital, another 15 healthy volunteers were included as control group. All the cases were subjected to: thorough history taking, full clinical examination, grading of poisoning severity score (PSS), laboratory investigations (serum cholinesterase activity level (CHE) and serum β-glucuronidase level (βG). Results: Serum CHE levels were significantly decreased, while Serum βG were significantly increased in the patients compared with the controls, and also, with increasing severity of poisoning. A significant negative correlation was detected between level of serum CHE and duration of hospitalization, while a significant positive correlation was found between serum level of βG and length of hospital stay. In addition, a significant inverse correlation was found between levels of CHE and βG whether in control group or in cases. Data obtained from ROC curve analysis revealed that serum βGlevel was more helpful in diagnosis of OP poisoning than CHE (accuracy 100% versus 80%), while both serum CHE andβG levels were of equal accuracy percentage for detection of poisoning severity and for prediction of outcome (100% and 91.67% each). Conclusion: SerumβG could be used as a good biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors insecticide poisoning.}, keywords = {β-glucuronidase,biomarker,cholinesterase enzyme inhibitors insecticides poisoning}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18670.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18670_d57e276dbd64f5d4f99c5754236b71bb.pdf} } @article { author = {Mostafa, Heba and Alaa El-Din, Eman and Hassan, Maha}, title = {Effects of Scald Injuries on Liver and Brain Adult Male Albino Rats (Biochemical, Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study)}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {12-20}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18671}, abstract = {Objectives: Thermal injuries still occur frequently in many parts of the world. Severe cutaneous thermal injuries are associated with multiple organ dysfunctions, which demand urgent medical interventions to ensure patient’s survival. This failure of different organ systems can be attributed to uncontrolled production of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1beta (IL-1β). The purpose of this study was to detect the effects of scald injuries on liver and brain of adult male albino rats at 6, 12 and 24 hours post injury. Material and methods: Fifty four adult male albino rats were equally divided into three groups: group I (negative control group), group II (sham group) and group III (scald injured group) effects of scald injuries on liver and brain at 6, 12 and 24 hours post injury were studied through: estimation of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALKP) levels and histopathological examination using light microscope including HandE stained sections and immunohistochemical staining of sections for detection of (TNF-α) activity.Results: In group III (scald injured group), a markedly affected and disturbed liver functions represented by significant increases in serum AST, ALT and ALKP levels, histopathological changes were (aggregations of inflammatory cells,  congestion and dilatation of blood vessels, vaculated hepatocytes  with darkly stained nucleui and  hydropic degeneration) and ( shrunken neurons with pyknotic nuclei, vacuolated cytoplasm and edema) .Time dependent TNF-α activation was detected  in liver and brain at 6 h post injury lasting till 24h.Conclusion: From the previous results it can be concluded that, scald injury induced a marked affection and disturbance in liver functions, as characterized by significant increases in serum ALT, ASTand ALKP, histopathological changes in liver and brain . Also, a time dependent TNF-α activation was detected in liver and brain of adult male albino rats.}, keywords = {Thermal injury,multiple organ dysfunctions,liver function,TNF-α}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18671.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18671_c1d6b70f00d988f9004838f66aa9e67c.pdf} } @article { author = {Salama, Naglaa and Badr El Dine, Fatma}, title = {Ocular Trauma Characteristics in Cases Admitted to Alexandria University Main Hospital: A Medicolegal Study}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {21-29}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18672}, abstract = {Introduction: Ocular trauma is a common cause of monocular visual impairment and blindness worldwide, with significant socioeconomic impact. Aim of the work: Was to describe the pattern of ocular trauma in patients attended the Emergency Section of the Ophthalmology Department of Alexandria University Main Hospital and its medicolegal consequences as a permanent infirmity. Patients and methods: The study included 82 Egyptian patients (48 males and 34 females)presented to the Emergency Section of the Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University in the period from the 1st of August 2013 to the end of January 2014. A specially designed sheet included the personal data, data related to the injury, treatment and outcome. Results: The age of patients ranged from 6 months to 63 years with a mean of 26.5 ± 15.9 years. Males (58.5%) outnumbered females (41.5%). Majority of injuries were accidental (56.1%) followed by assaults (43.9 %). Street injuries represented the highest percentage 43.9% of ocular trauma. Regarding the causative instruments, the most commonly involved was blunt objects (43.9% of cases) followed by sharp objects (31.7%). Closed globe injuries (CGI) accounted for the majority of admitted patients (68.3% of all eyes) while open globe injuries (OGI) represented 31.7%. Permanent infirmity was found in 46.34% of cases. Conclusion: The results of the present work indicated that ocular trauma is a significant cause of visual loss and infirmity among Egyptian population. The study demonstrates the need for primary prevention and control measures.}, keywords = {Ocular trauma,accidental,Assaults,Visual outcome,Infirmity,alexandria,Egypt}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18672.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18672_4d602736c90dc1d3f73ffcd3862d1130.pdf} } @article { author = {Madboly, Abdelmonem and Elgendy, Farouk}, title = {Epidemiology, Clinical Characteristics, and Management of Acute Hydrocarbons Poisoning at Benha Poisoning Control Unit: A One-Year Prospective Clinical Study}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {30-42}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18673}, abstract = {Hydrocarbons poisoning is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries. The aim of this work is to investigate the pattern and management of acute hydrocarbons poisoning at Benha Poisoning Control Unit, Benha University Hospitals, Egypt, from 1st February 2013 to 31th January 2014. Of the total 72 hydrocarbons exposures, kerosene consititued the majority (66.7%), followed by gasoline (27.8%) and thinner (5.5%). Males represented 56.9% and females 43.1% of cases, 76.4% were below age of five, and 63.9% came from rural areas. Accidental manner predominate (93.1%), the majority (84.7%) was home exposures, and during summer months (37.5%). All patients were exposed orally; combined dermal exposure occurred in 44.4% of them. Commonly observed symptoms were cough (72.2%), dyspnea (50%), wheezy chest (40.3%), respiratory distress (12.5%), vomiting (45.8%) drowsiness (36.1%), agitation (11.1%), convulsion (2.8%), and fever (26.4%). According to the poisoning severity score, 13.9% were asymptomatic, 61.1% were minor, 16.7% were moderate and 8.3% were severe, with no fatal cases. There was a significant relation between vomiting and clinical severity and pneumonia. Radiological findings of pulmonary pathology occurred in 70.8%; increased broncho-vascular markings were the most common (51.2%), followed by pneumonia (19.4%). No specific treatment was used; supplemental oxygen in 86.1% of patients, and only 5.6% were put on mechanical ventilation. In conclusion, acute hydrocarbons poisoning is a prevalent household accidental toxic hazard among rural male children <5years old. Patients must be monitored both clinically and radiologically to recognize potential pulmonary complications, and symptomatic treatment is effective}, keywords = {Hydrocarbons,Clinical study,Poisoning Severity Score,Benha,Egypt}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18673.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18673_6e6f41104f6fc44ebdf69ce159f31c22.pdf} } @article { author = {Moustafa, Sahar}, title = {Sexual Dimorphism of Selected Mandibular Anthropometric Parameters in Saudi Population Sample: Application in Forensic Identification}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {43-49}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18674}, abstract = {One of the known problems in forensic medicine is identification and sex determination which is in need of knowledge and expertise in many fields. In generating the biological profile of human remains, sex is a factor of primary significance. In cases where intact skull is not found, the mandible may play a vital role in sex determination as it is the most dimorphic bone of skull. It is well known fact that skeletal structures vary among different populations and that each therefore needs its own specific standards of assessment to optimize the accuracy of identification. The current study focuses on sexual identification from mandibular bone in Saudi sample population. The study comprised 80 Saudi persons (40 males and 40 females) their age ranged from (20-55 years) visited the Radiological Department in Elite Private Hospital in Riyadh City in Saudi Arabia Kingdom. All cases were submitted to three-dimensional (3D) Computed Tomography.  All the participants’ skulls were examined and six mandibular measurements were described, four of them (Mandible angle, Mandibular base length, Ramus length and Minimum ramus breadth) were measured from the lateral reconstruction 3D CT image and two measurements (Bigonial breadth and Bicondylar breadth) from axial posterior reconstruction 3D CT image. In all the studied measurements, male mandibles were found to have significantly higher values compared to female mandibles. By comparison the mean values of the studied six mandibular measurements between males and females, the results revealed that there are four mandibular measurements considered as final predictors of sex determination which are (mandible angle, mandibular base length, ramus length and the bicondylar length). The overall predictive accuracy of this prediction model was 84.95% for the whole studied group and it could correctly identify males in 84.7% and females in 85.2% cases. The study concluded that sex can be determined by using mandible dimensions with relatively high accuracy and mandible is a suitable bone for forensic analysis.}, keywords = {Mandible,Sexual dimorphism,CT scan,Saudi population}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18674.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18674_dfef0cd0481c56c4d7aab645777ebdc0.pdf} } @article { author = {Abd El-Khalek, Amal and Ibrahim, Amal}, title = {Effect of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Some Formaldehyde Induced Toxicity in hippocampus of Adult Male Albino Rats}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {50-60}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18675}, abstract = { Formaldehyde (FA) heavily impacts the everyday consumer products. It is widely used in the construction, textile, furniture, medical, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Exposure to FA poses a significant threat to public health. It can cause severe central nervous system impairment. Extract from the leaves of Ginkgo biloba exerts a novel spectrum of biological, pharmacological and therapeutic properties against oxidative stress, so it was of special concern to investigate the role of Ginkgo biloba leaves extract (GBE) on the neurotoxic effects of FA on hippocampus of adult male albino rats. Thirty adult male albino rats were used in the present study. They were divided into 5 equal groups: Group I negative control, Group II received distilled water by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Group III received GBE (300 mg/kg/day) orally. Group IV received FA (0.2 mg/kg/day i.p. and Group V received 0.2 mg/kg FA + 300 mg/kg GBE. After the end of the study ( 4weeks), all rats were sacrificed and brain were dissected out and hippocampus subjected to estimation of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Histological examination of the hippocampus and immunohistochemical staining for Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were also done. The results of this study revealed that, the levels of SOD, CAT and GSH-Px were significantly decreased, while MDA level in hippocampus tissue were significantly increased in rats treated with FA compared to those of the controls. Microscopic examination of neurons of the hippocampus in this group revealed picnotic nuclei, vacuolar degeneration and neuronal loss. Immunostaining showed areas with significantly increased GFAP immunopositivity. Concomitant administration of GBE with FA resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant enzymes activity (SOD, GSH-Px and CAT), decreased MDA, and improvement of histopathological changes induced by FA. Also a significant reduction in expression of GFAP was observed. It was concluded that short term administration of FA induced neurotoxicity on the hippocampus of adult male albino rats, with oxidant stress and lipid peroxidation which may be a molecular mechanism involved in FA induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, these effects were decreased by the concomitant use of GBE. It is recommended to use GBE for amelioration of toxic manifestations of formaldehyde in exposed population.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18675.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18675_ed3ffcd7002fdcdfb6fdb498ff28e6f7.pdf} } @article { author = {Abo El-Noor, Mona and Wahdan, Amira and Shareef, Mohamed and Soliman, Nema and Keshk, Walaa}, title = {The Possible Ameliorative Effect of Curcumin on Atrazine-Induced Oxidative Stress, DNA Damage, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, and Apoptosis in the Kidney of Adult Male Albino Rats}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {61-70}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18676}, abstract = {Introduction: Atrazine (ATR), a worldwide triazine herbicide, induces oxidative stress and DNA damage. It was found that oxidative stress is closely linked to apoptosis. Curcumin has strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-inflammatory actions. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to assess the possible ameliorative effect of curcumin on ATR- induced oxidative stress, oxidative DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptosis in the kidney of adult male albino rats. Material and methods: The current study was conducted on 40 adult male albino rats. Rats were divided into four equal groups. The first group was control. Group II was treated with curcumin (100mg/kg/day). Group III was treated with ATR (400mg/kg/day). Group IV was treated with both ATR (400mg/kg/day) and curcumin (100mg/kg/day). All were given orally for 21days. Body and kidney weights, blood urea and creatinine as well as 24 hours urinary protein levels were measured. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8- OHdG) as well as activities of catalase (CAT), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and complex-1 were assessed. Histopathological and immunohistochemical examination of renal tissue were carried out. Results: ATR treated group was significantly decreased in body and kidney weights, GSH level and HO-1 as well as complex 1 activities while there was significant increase in blood urea, creatinine, 24 hours urinary protein, MDA and 8-OHdG levels as well as CAT activity. Renal cloudy swelling was observed in H&E sections. Caspase 3 immunohistochemistry revealed high rate of apoptosis. Curcumin administration along with ATR significantly improved these observations. Conclusion: It was concluded that administration of curcumin along with ATR ameliorated oxidative stress, DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis induced by ATR. Recommendations: The current study recommend further studies to clarify issues related to human exposure to ATR and the ameliorative effect of curcumin in Egypt and elsewhere around the world.}, keywords = {atrazine,Oxidative Stress,antioxidants,apoptosis,Mitochondrial dysfunction,Curcumin}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18676.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18676_ae5368d9d0488f4f42ee4d931674cc14.pdf} } @article { author = {ElHelaly, Hend and Shaker, Safaa}, title = {Repeated Dermal Paraphenylenediamine Exposure Induces Systemic Biochemical and Histological Changes in Adult male Albino Rats}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {71-89}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18677}, abstract = {Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is a synthetic compound that is widely used as a hair dye. This study investigated biochemical and histological effects after repeated PPD dermal application. 30 adult male albino rats (200± 20gms) were classified into two groups; group I, (control group) included negative and positive control subgroups, each consisted of 10 rats and group II (tested group). Tested group was subjected to repeated topical PPD application in a dose of 10mg/kg for 90 days. All groups were investigated for these laboratory biochemical parameters: Serum creatine phosphokinase CPK-MB, aspartate (AST) and alanine transferases (ALT), serum creatinine (S. Creat.), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) as well as serum potassium. All the mentioned parameters showed significant increase when compared to control group. ECG was done and revealed significant decrease of pulse rate and significant prolongation of PR, QRS and QT intervals in tested group. In-addition, to biochemical and ECG investigations; histological examination was done for; cardiac, hepatic, renal and testicular tissues. Cardiac, hepatic, renal, and testicular tissues of tested group showed evident changes.  These changes were more obvious in Cardiac, renal, and testicular tissues when compared to control.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18677.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18677_94babcb6bc611fa2a792ad49f65d341a.pdf} } @article { author = {Sheta, Abeer and Megahed, Haidy and Megahed, Mohamed and Mansour, Osama}, title = {Evaluation of the Possible Role of S100B, Troponin I and C- Reactive Protein Levels as Prognostic Markers in Cases of Traumatic Intra-Cerebral and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {90-102}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18678}, abstract = {Introduction; Traumatic head injury is a major cause of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Even in minor head injuries, long term neuropsychological deficits may occur. The assessment of certain biochemical markers in serum can help to predict outcomes. S100B is a protein biomarker that reflects CNS injury. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a specific marker of myocardial injury. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute-phase protein that increases rapidly in response to infection, trauma, and other inflammatory conditions. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible role of S100B, troponin I and C- reactive protein levels as prognostic markers in cases of traumatic intra-cerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage. Subjects and method; This study was conducted on 40 patients of both sexes; 20 patients of traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and 20 patients of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) within 24 hours after traumatic hemorrhage. Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was evaluated on admission, within 24 of trauma, for all patients. Brain CT scan was also performed for all patients and Fisher grade was assessed for SAH patients. A daily electrocardiogram was performed. Serum samples were taken from all patients at day one and day three. All samples were analyzed for S100B, cardiac troponin I and C-reactive protein.  Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) obtained at time of death or after three months Results; serum S100B, cTnI and CRP levels were negatively correlated with the severity of GCS and GOS among patients with ICH or SAH, except the level of cTnI level on third day among patients with ICH. Furthermore, patients with unfavorable outcome had significantly higher serum S100B, cTnI and CRP levels than favorable outcome. The highest correlation of all biomarkers, in both ICH and SAH, was noticed between S100B level on third day and GOS.  Conclusion; S100bB levels on third day showed a highest correlation with GOS in patients with ICH or SAH. }, keywords = {ICH,SAH,S100B,troponin I,CRP}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18678.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18678_3bb005bdc7bfc7f9e2d8fb6f37a85730.pdf} } @article { author = {Abdel Aal, Khaled and Yossef, Hazem}, title = {Determination of Sex From Sternal Dimensions in Upper Egypt Population By Using Multislice Computed Axial Tomography}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {103-114}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18679}, abstract = {Sex determination is an important step in personal identification which can be done from bones examination either from their metric measurements or radiograph images especially in difficult identification as dismemberments, mutilations and explosions. The present study was designed to assess the possibility of sex determination from sternal measurements by multislice computed axial tomography (MSCT) and generate statistical equations that can be used to determine sex from sternum in Upper Egypt persons. This study was performed on one hundred and sixty healthy living Upper Egypt persons (80 males and 80 females) of age 18-80 years old during MSCT investigation of the chest region, in department of radiodiagnosis in Assiut University hospital after informed consent. Fourteen sternal measurements were taken including  manubrium length, sternal body length, combined length of the manubrium and  sternal body, sternal index, manubrium width at tip, width and base, sternal body width at articulation with 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th ribs and two virtual angles of sternum. First angle lies between two intersected virtual lines made along the lateral aspect of the upper part of the sternal body and the lateral aspect of the manubrium. Second angle lies between two virtual lines drawn along the lateral margins of the lower part of sternal body and xiphoid process. The data were analyzed statistically. Results of this study demonstrated that the male measurements  showed higher statistical significant values than females measurements except sternal index.  Use of the multiple and simple regression equations of relation between sternal measurements and sex demonstrated that the total body length was the most significant parameter for sex prediction. The discriminant function analysis revealed correct sex prediction in known Upper Egyptians by 93%. The multivariant logistic regression can give correct sex prediction in unknown Upper Egyptians by 85.4%.  This study concluded that sex determination can be done through sternal measurements including the virtual sternal angles, the MSCT is a trustful method for bone measurement during forensic investigation and sex prediction from measurements of all sternal parts is higher than those from single part. }, keywords = {sex,Sternum,Computed axial tomography,Upper Egypt}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18679.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18679_94e70f83d3a5f2ca0441067e53206feb.pdf} } @article { author = {Abd El Salam, Hoda and Megahed, Haidy and Abd El Aziz, Saffa and Sobhy, Mona and Abd El-Mouaty, Hala}, title = {Comparative Study of the Possible Hepatoprotective Effect of Each of N-acetylcysteine, Coenzyme Q10 and Aloe Vera Gel in Acute Acetaminophen Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats. (Histological and Biochemical Study)}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {115-138}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18680}, abstract = {Introduction: Although acetaminophen is a widely used analgesic antipyretic, its toxicity is one of the most common causes of acute liver failure worldwide. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is the standard antidote for acute acetaminophen toxicity. Both coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and Aloe vera have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects so they are used in wide varieties of medical applications Objective: The aim of this work was to compare the possible hepatoprotective effects of NAC, CoQ10 and Aloe vera gel in acute acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Materials &Methods: Sixty male albino rats were divided into 3 groups, group I (control group) was further subdivided into 4 equal subgroups Ia, Ib, Ic and Id (n=5) receiving tap water, NAC (450mg/kg) as a single oral dose, CoQ1010mg/kg as a single i.p injection, Aloe vera (500mg/kg) as a single oral dose respectively. GroupII (n=10) received acetaminophen (700mg/kg) as a single oral dose. Group III was further subdivided into 3 subgroups IIIa, IIIb and IIIc (n=10), each received the same dose of acetaminophen as group II followed 1 hour later by NAC, CoQ10 or Aloe vera gel respectively in the same doses  as group I. After 24 hours the rats were sacrificed under anesthesia and blood samples were collected for estimation of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) (Aspartate transaminase AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) (Alanine transaminase ALT) levels. Liver homogenates were used for estimation of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Liver specimens were harvested from all rats at the end of the experiment for histological examination by the light and electron microscopes. Results: Acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity, as it significantly elevated AST, ALT and MDA and depleted liver GSH and SOD. NAC, CO Q10 and Aloe vera gel had hepatoprotective effects as they reversed these effects. Histologically, group Ib, Ic and Id revealed almost the control pattern of liver similar to group Ia. Group II liver sections showed loss of normal hepatocellular architecture with cellular infiltration and dilated congested blood vessels. Most of the hepatocytes appeared swollen with cytoplasmic vacuolation. Dark shrunken nuclei were encountered. Ultrastructurally, dense mitochondria, dilated profiles of rER and numerous lipid droplets were revealed. Many apoptotic bodies were further encountered. Both group IIIa and IIIc revealed almost the control pattern of the liver except for few areas of cellular infiltration and vascular dilatation and congestion in group IIIa. Group IIIb showed considerable improvement with persistent focal areas of hepatic affection. Conclusion: This study showed that NAC, CoQ10 and Aloe vera have significant hepatoprotective effects in acetaminophen induced hepatotoxicity, best seen with NAC and Aloe vera gel and less with CoQ10. Recommendations: Further study is recommended to explore the possible hepatoprotective effects of coenzyme Q10 and Aloe vera in chronic acetaminophen as well as other toxins induced hepatotoxicity.}, keywords = {acetaminophen,Hepatotoxicity,N-acetyl cysteine,Coenzyme Q10,Aloe vera}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18680.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18680_40cdc8b43925c444c4605e1c06f3d9a5.pdf} } @article { author = {Badawy, Samy and Hammad, Samy and Amin, Safaa and Zanaty, Azza and Mohamed, Reham and Aiad, Hayam}, title = {Effects of Dependence of Tramadol, Diazepam and Their Combination on the Brain of Albino Rats: Biochemical, Histological and Immunohistochemical Study}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {139-147}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18756}, abstract = {Introduction: Nowadays tramadol is the most common drug of abuse. Egyptian surveys found a gradual increase in the use of tramadol among Egyptians. It has been associated with a wide range of drug abuse such as benzodiazepines. Aim of the work:  This study aimed to evaluate the effects of dependence of tramadol, diazepam, and their combination on biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical changes of brain of adult albino rats.Material and Methods: Forty adult male albino rats were divided into four equal groups as follows: Group I (control) received1ml normal saline (0.9%NaCl) once orally for one month. Group II (tramadol dependent) received increasing therapeutic doses of tramadol orally for one month, Group III (diazepam dependent) received increasing therapeutic doses of diazepam orally for one month, Group IV (tramadol and diazepam dependent) received increasing therapeutic doses of tramadol and diazepam orally for one month. Blood samples were collected from all groups for evaluation of serum cortisol level. Brain was excised for biochemical, histopathological and immunohistolochemical studies. Results: Compared to the control group, serum cortisol level was significantly decreased in tramadol dependent and combined tramadol and diazepam dependent groups. In all experimental dependent groups, brain cholinesterase level was not changed and the brain showed histopathological and immunohistochemical changes Conclusion and recommendation: Tramadol or diazepam dependence for long time affects the brain cells and the combination of both of them leads to more neurotoxic effect. Therefore it is recommended that tramadol or diazepam should be taken only with the prescription of doctor and self medication of these drugs may be hazardous. }, keywords = {tramadol,diazepam,Brain,dependence}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18756.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18756_c42bb214cda0378fa9a5c34e2377b1a4.pdf} } @article { author = {George, Safaa and Mohamed, Asmaa and Ismail, Alaa}, title = {Lead and Cadmium Levels In Blood of Pregnant Women in Assiut Governorate; Do They Have A Role in Preeclampsia?}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {148-159}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18757}, abstract = {Preeclampsia (PE) represents a major cause of morbidity and mortality in mother, fetus and infant in many parts of the world. In Egypt, the prevalence of PE is 10.7% in a community based study while, in hospital based studies it ranged from 9.1% to 12.5% of all deliveries.         High blood lead and cadmium levels were associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including preeclampsia. So, the aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between lead and cadmium blood levels in pregnant females and preeclampsia in Assiut Governorate. This cross sectional study was done in Maternal Health Hospital, Assiut University in a period of sixth months from August 2013 to January 2014.  The study included 80 pregnant women were suffering from preeclampsia (preeclampsia group) and another 50 healthy pregnant women as (control group). Blood and cadmium levels were detected in  the venous  blood of the cases.   There were variations in blood lead and cadmium levels among different age groups with increase in level as age increase. Urban residence was significant risk factor for preeclampsia and also associated with high lead and cadmium levels in blood;   Significant correlation was found between preeclampsia and low educational level and this was associated with high blood lead and cadmium levels .Smoking of the husband was associated with low blood lead of their wife's in comparison to non-smokers. Preeclampsia occurred in both primiparous and multiparous women and this was associated with relatively high blood lead and cadmium level, also the risk of preeclampsia significantly increases in women with previous preeclampsia. History of previous preeclampsia was associated with relatively high level of blood lead and cadmium. 25% of cases had family history of preeclampsia in comparison with 4% among control. This finding was associated with increase in blood lead and cadmium level. Contamination of water supply, paint use at houses, living near busy street and exposure to motor car exhaust and grinding wheat had been found to be one of the important sources of exposure to lead and cadmium. In conclusion: high blood lead and cadmium levels are significant risk factors for preeclampsia due to exposure to different sources lead and cadmium.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18757.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18757_414e590cca440c1344c8cbde7e28a6aa.pdf} } @article { author = {Mostafa, Hanan and Rezk, Nabil and Khater, Aya and Abdelaziz, Sarah}, title = {Pattern And Severity of Acute Poisoning Among Adolescents: A Six Months Prospective Study in Poison Control Center- Ain Shams University Hospitals}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {160-172}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18762}, abstract = {Adolescence is a cross road in life, the positive force in the society and is the gateway to the promotion of health. Most behavioral patterns acquired during adolescence will last a lifetime affecting the health and wellbeing of future adults. Acute poisoning is one of the most common health related problems in adolescents due to its high frequency, morbidity and mortality worldwide. Moreover, alcohol and illicit drug abuse with their possible acute intoxication are considered among the most important global public health problem with their genesis and initiation during adolescence. The aim of the study: is to study the pattern and severity of poisoning among adolescent patients admitted to the Poison Control Center, Ain Shams University Hospitals (PCC-ASUH) over a six months period from the first of July 2013 to the end of December 2013, aiming to give sufficient information to provide adequate supply of treatment required for the most common intoxications. Subjects and methods: All poisoned adolescents during the study period were enrolled and evaluated with more focus on those admitted to inpatient wards and intensive care unit (ICU) as more data can be obtained owing to longer hospital stay. The evaluation of severity of intoxication of the patients under the study was assessed according to the Poisoning Severity Score (PSS) of European Association of Poisons Centers and Clinical Toxicologists. Results:             Out of the 1931 acutely intoxicated adolescents received by (PCC- ASUH), 408 adolescents were admitted. Tramadol was the most commonly abused agent among adolescents (50.9%). Accidental poisoning was more common in early adolescence while self-poisoning was more prevalent among middle and late adolescents. Substance abuse represented 6.55% in late adolescence while only 2.54% in early adolescence stage. By applying PSS, it was found that 65.2% were classified as grade 0, 23.6% as grade 1, 7% as grade 2, 3.8% as grade 3 and 0.4% as grade 4. Conclusion: Self-poisoning represented a real tragedy among adolescents with self-poisoning being the most common manner of poisoning and the most common age group affected was the late adolescence period while accidental poisoning was common in early adolescence stage. Higher PSS was associated with lower age as well as increased hospital stay duration.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18762.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18762_106ae61af9a22b7d8390ec8663a8a853.pdf} } @article { author = {AlSeigini, Ahmed and ElSayed, Amany and ElHelaly, Hend and Abdelhakim, Eman}, title = {Assessment of DNA Damage on Adult Albino Rats Induced by Dermal Exposure to P-Phenylenediamine (PPD)}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {173-181}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18763}, abstract = {Hair dyes are widely used as cosmetic agents to color the grey hair around the world. P-phenylenediamine (PPD) induced genotoxicity due to dermal application was investigated in this study. 90 rats conducted this study and were classified into main 4 groups. Negative control group, positive control group. In-addition, two toxicity groups; short term toxicity group and long term toxicity group. Both toxicity groups were further subdivided according to PPD dose into 10 and 15 mg/kg subgroups. The results showed that repeated dermal exposure to PPD induced significant DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes in dose and time dependent manner. }, keywords = {}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18763.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18763_e514714100042cd6dcc15059faa59e04.pdf} } @article { author = {Youssef, Heba and Mousa, Mona and Nagib, Saad}, title = {Mass Casualty of Scombroid Fish Poisoning among Factory Workers in Obour City}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {23}, number = {2}, pages = {182-191}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2014.18764}, abstract = {On the first of January 2013 one hundred and seventy five workers in one of El Obour factories were complaining of nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and diarrhea after eating a mackerel fish lunch meal served to them at their work at 1 P.M. They were rushed first to emergency department “ED” of El Salam general hospital where they were diagnosed as food poisoning and advised to be transported to the poison control center “PCC” of Ain Shams University “ASU.” The faculty dean and PCC director alerted the preventive control unit in ministry of health about suspected scombroid food poisoning. An emergencymanagement plan for mass casualty was established. The patients were triaged under  supervision  of two clinical toxicologist teams and grouped  according to triage colored  tags into yellow  tag cases (Group I)  ;they included  65 cases with  mild clinical manifestations. Green tag cases (Group II); they included 100 cases with moderate manifestations and red tag cases (Group III); they included10cases presented withsevere clinical manifestations. Demographic data showed that 60% were males and 40% were females .There was non-significant statistical difference regarding delay time between the three studied groups. The clinical assessment results revealed highly significant statistical difference between the studied groups regarding gastrointestinal manifestations (in the form of diarrhea, abdominal colic, and tingling and burning peppery taste sensation), and cardiopulmonary manifestations (in the form of hypotension, tachycardia, bronchospasm, positive Trendelenberg´s position). Neurological manifestations in the form of headache were highly significant in the studied groups and significant syncope only in group III. The skin manifestations among the studied groups showed highly statistical significant facial flushing, sweating and itching. Microbiological examination of biological samples (stool and gastric aspirate) and fish samples (fried and raw mackerel fish) revealed positive Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus. Chemical examination of fish samples revealed highly significant increase in histamine levels in fried and raw mackerel fish samples when compared with their permissible levels according to food and drug administration values. There was highly significant statistically difference between the studied groups of patients with acute scombroid fish poisoning as regards the percentage of different lines of treatment received at emergency room and inpatient wards of both PCC and ED ASU hospitals. The outcome showed complete cure with fully discharged   cases with no morbidities or mortalities. In conclusion mass casualty of scombroid fish poisoning incident could pass safely if the emergency management plan was successfully established.  The study recommends the necessity of increasing the number of available beds in PCC to enlarge its capabilities of facing mass casualty incidents. Also the study recommends the necessity of   strict preservation of fish especially those belonging to scombroidea family (mackerel and tuna) in cool temperature to avoid bacterial contamination and the increase in histamine level. }, keywords = {Scombroid food poisoning,histamine,mass casualty}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18764.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_18764_3650d1e535a6da5c7b98d20972f3c92f.pdf} }