@article { author = {Mahmoud, Nesrine and Zaki, Ali}, title = {Rapid Stain Biomarker : A Novel Tool for the Forensic Detection of Saliva (Effect of Time and Surface on its Reliability )}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {1-14}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15872}, abstract = {Saliva is one of the vital fluids secreted by the human body; it can be deposited on the human skin or other materials through biting, sucking, licking and kissing. Saliva stains encountered in forensic casework is an important source of DNA; so, it is considered an important evidence for personnel identification. The rapid Stain Identification of Human Saliva (RSIDTM-Saliva) bioassay is designed to detect specifically the presence of human salivary µ-amylase enzyme. Test development is completed within 10 minutes and can detect as little as 1ml of human saliva. The detection protocol can be completely integrated into the procedures for DNA extraction and analysis. Aim: Assess the efficacy of RSIDTM-Saliva strip test for the detection of human saliva under some different variables (different surfaces & different time intervals).Evaluate the quality of DNA extracted from unpreserved saliva and the possibility of its usage as evidence in forensics. Methodology:Fifty two saliva samples were collected from four volunteers. Forty eight of them were deposited over surfaces of different nature (plastic bottles, glass cup and cigarette butts) at the same time. Four saliva samples were collected directly from the floor of the mouth of each participant by a cotton swab (positive control group). All samples were left to dry for 10 min at room temperature then extracted and analyzed according to the protocol designed for (RSIDTM-Saliva). Collected samples were studied as three tested groups and as control groups. Saliva samples collected from each participant were categorized into four subgroups according to the time interval of saliva extraction [zero (on the spot), 10, 20, and 30 days].Positive samples for saliva identification were subjected to DNA extraction and typing; as three autosomal primers short tandem repeats (STRs) specific to human genomic DNA (D21S11, D18S51 and CSF1PO) were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR); then subjected to separation and analysis of fragments size by agarose gel electrophoresis to determine their allelic size through comparison to the standard allelic 100 bp ladder. Results: Saliva could be identified in 100% of tested samples as well as for the positive control samples, which were subjected to successful DNA extraction followed by PCR amplification of the chosen three STRs. Results of agarose gel revealed that the sizes of these PCR products were in accordance with the 100 bp DNA ladder; validating the good quality and quantity of the extracted DNA  Conclusion: the current study demonstrated that non-stored saliva deposited over different surfaces for up to 30 days presents an ideal source for DNA which may be used for forensic identification. The study also evidenced that the new RSID-saliva strip test is a fast, easy, sensitive and reliable method for saliva identification over different surfaces. }, keywords = {saliva,RSID,DNA,PCR}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15872.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15872_ced8b96da8fd02bf64734eabb644ff10.pdf} } @article { author = {Hussien, Rania and Ashry, Soha and Agwa, Sarah and Selim, Abdulhafez}, title = {Plasma MiRNA-208b as a Biomarker for Detection of Cardiotoxicity Induced by Acute Cardiovascular Drugs Poisoning}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {15-22}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15873}, abstract = {Background: Poisoning by cardiovascular drugs has harmful effects and may lead to morbidity and mortality. In cases of myocardial injury, circulating miRNA-208 levels elevate after their leakage into the bloodstream at an early stage of myocardial insult. This study aims to assess the possible role of miRNA-208b in the early detection of myocardial injury in acute intoxicated patients with cardiovascular drugs such as digoxin, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers. Methods: This study enrolled 40 patients with cardiovascular drug toxicity admitted to the Poison Control Center of Ain Shams University Hospitals (PCC-ASUH) from January 2016 to December 2016 in addition to 40 healthy subjects as the normal control group. Blood samples for miRNA-208b determination and troponin were collected on admission for the patients group and in the early morning for the control group. The demographic and clinical data were collected for every patient. Results: Age and sex distribution revealed that most of studied patients were in the age group of 18- 24 years accounting for 50% with female predominance 85%. Beta blockers acute toxicity was the commonest cardiovascular drug toxicity (50%) followed by digitalis (35%) then calcium channel blockers (15%). The box plot outlook suggested that patients with a fold change in miRNA-208b higher than 1, was at risk of having a cardiac injury (ie. Troponin positive). Conclusion: This study concluded that miRNA-208b is a sensitive and specific biomarker in early detection of cardiac injury in patients with cardiovascular drugs poisonings for the early treatment of cardiotoxicity.}, keywords = {miRNA-208b,cardiotoxicity,Cardiovascular drugs,Poisoning}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15873.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15873_06a02b652a52355835143cca968b1a77.pdf} } @article { author = {Hassan, Osama and Abdelaleem, Shereen and Hamdy, Lamiaa}, title = {A Prospective Comparative Study between Three Chemical Markers for Predicting Delayed Neurological Sequelae in Patients with Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning of Poison Control Center in Minia University Hospital.}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {23-32}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15874}, abstract = {Carbon monoxide poisoning (CO) is a major public health problem. Brain is the most sensitive organ to hypoxia induced by CO poisoning. Delayed Neurological Sequelae (DNS) is considered to be a delayed onset of neuropsychiatric symptoms after apparent recovery from acute CO poisoning. Therefore, this study was aimed to make a prospective comparative study between three markers (serum glutathione reductase, S100b protein and serum neurone- specific enolase) to predict the occurrence of DNS. This study was performed on 57 adult patients with acute CO poisoning. The markers were measured after arrival and the patients were divided into two groups: the DNS group (8 patients) & the non –DNS group (49 patients). There was a statistical difference between the two groups in terms of significant increase in loss of consciousness, syncope, dizziness, ECG changes, pneumonia, carboxyhemoglobin level, creatine phosphokinase, creatine phosphokinase-MB, troponin I, S100b protein, neurone-specific enolase in DNS grouped patiens and significant decrease in glasgow coma scale and glutathione reductase in DNS group. The cut off value of glutathione reductase was ≤ 30 U/L with a percentage of accuracy 94. 74.  The cut off value of S100b protein was > 18.94 Pg/ L with 98.25 % percentage of accuracy, while, the cut off value of neurone-specific enolase was > 30.49 ng/ml and its accuracy was 96.49 %. All these cut off values predicted the occurrence of DNS. SO, it is concluded that serum S100b protein may represent the most reliable chemical marker for the prediction of DNS after acute CO poisoning by logistic regression analysis.  }, keywords = {Carbon Monoxide,DNS,glutathione reductase,S100b protein,neurone-specific enolase,cut off value}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15874.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15874_cfad39061766a6740f2adf9b276b129b.pdf} } @article { author = {Moussa, Mona and Mohamed, Soheir and Hilal, Maha and Elnabi, Marwa and Zaki, Nayel}, title = {Predictive Value of Triage Vital Signs and Conscious Level for Outcome Evaluation in Acutely Organophosphate Poisoned Patients}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {33-40}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15875}, abstract = {Triage in Emergency departments requires emergency doctors to make rapid decisions based on their knowledge and experiences. Triage of patients is critical to patient safety, yet no clear information exists by the utility of initial vital signs and conscious levelin identifying critically ill acutely organophosphate (OP) poisoned patients. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between triage vital signs and conscious level in predicting outcome of acutely organophosphate poisoned patients.A retrospective and prospective study was carried out on 200 patients of acute OP poisoning admitted to the Poison Control Center (PCC), Ain Shams University Hospitals. Information including vital signs and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) on admission after obtaining the permission of the director of PCC and the regional ethics committee was collected from the sheets and computerized data base of the patients, an informed written consent has been obtained from each patient or from his/her caregiver for inclusion in the prospective part of the study. The results were revised, coded and organized for statistical analysis. The study results revealed 180 (90%) patients discharged and 20 (10%) patients died. The study also showed that 8% of patients had fever, 9.5% had tachycardia, 1.5% had bradycardia, 5% had hypotension, 2% had hypertension, 2.5% had tachypnea and 3.5% showed bradypnea. Also 89% of patients had GCS > 8, while 11% of patients had GCS ≤ 8. The study showed statistically significant difference between discharged and died patients as regards heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, body temperature and GCS. It could be concluded that heart rate, respiratory rate and coma scale can serve as easily measurable tools for outcome prediction in acutely OP poisoned patients. From the previous results, our study recommends to use these parameters to help emergency physicians to quickly detect poisoned patients with poor outcomes.}, keywords = {Triage,vital signs,Glasgow,Outcome}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15875.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15875_19c86aba9b3b715e92d9d1e9387d432b.pdf} } @article { author = {Moussa, Mona and Mohamed, Soheir and Hilal, Maha and Elnabi, Marwa and Zaki, Nayel}, title = {The Role of APACHE II, SOFA, Serum amylase and Lipase in Assessment of Severity and Outcome of Acute Organophosphorus Poisoning}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {41-50}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15876}, abstract = {Poisoning with Organophosphate (OP) compounds is responsible for great morbidities and mortalities all over the world especially in developing countries including Egypt. Scoring systems have been continuously developed to predict outcomes in patients with severe illness, to improve resource allocation and to assist in clinical decision-making particularly for ICU patients. The quest for biomarkers in relation to OP compound poisoning started quite a long time back but cheap and easily measurable biomarkers having prognostic value is the need of the hour. The objective of this study is to evaluate the role of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) score, the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, serum amylase and lipase in assessing severity and outcome of acute organophosphorus poisoning.A retrospective and prospective study was carried out on 200 patients of acute OP poisoning admitted to the Poison Control Center (PCC), Ain Shams University Hospitals. Information  after obtaining the permission of the director of PCC and the regional ethics committee was collected from the sheets and computerized data base of the patients, an informed written consent has been obtained from each patient or from his/her caregiver for inclusion in the prospective part of the study. APACHE II and SOFA scores were calculated to each patient admitted and biochemical analysis of serum amylase and lipase were estimated in the prospective part of the study. The results were revised, coded and organized for statistical analysis. The study results revealed 180 (90%) patients discharged and 20 (10%) patients died. The study showed that there were 76% of patients had APACHE II score ≤ 9, while 12.5% of patients had APACHE II score from 10 to 14, there were 8.5% of patients had APACHE II score from 15 to 24 and APACHE II score was > 24 in 3% of patients. SOFA score in 88.5%of patients was ≤ 6, while in 4.5% of patients SOFA score was from 7 to 9 and in 7%of patients SOFA score was > 9. Hyperamylasemia observed in 83.3% of died and 33.3% of died patients had increased lipase. There was significant difference between discharged and died patients as regards APACHE II score, SOFA Score, serum amylase and lipase. It could be concluded that SOFA score, APACHEII score, serum amylase and lipase had a role in assessment of severity of acute organophosphorus poisoning but only SOFA score, APACHEII score and serum amylase could be used as predictors of outcome. SOFA score is more useful in predicting mortality, and easier and simpler than the APACHEII and serum amylase. From the previous results, our study recommends that predictors of outcome (APACHE II score, SOFA score and serum amylase) should be assessed routinely and as early as possible to evaluate the severity, improve the course of management and deciding the pathway of care.}, keywords = {Organophosphate,APACHE II score,SOFA score,ICU}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15876.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15876_79a45faf897792a48758a10dfaa1a800.pdf} } @article { author = {El-Gharbawy, Doaa and Ghonem, Mona}, title = {ECG Changes as a Predictive Tool of Outcomes in Antipsychotics Poisoned Patients}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {51-61}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15877}, abstract = {Background: Antipsychotics are a class of medications that are primarily used for treatment of psychosis especially schizophrenia. The most common cardio-toxic features of antipsychotics overdose are tachycardia, hypotension, and prolonged corrected QT interval. Aim: This study aimed at assessment of ECG changes utilization as a predictor of major outcome events in antipsychotic poisoned patients. Patients and methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at Tanta Poison Control Unit on 43 patients of both sexes with antipsychotics poisoning. For each patient, socio-demographic and toxicological data were collected, physical examination was performed, and routine investigations were measured. Electrocardiogram was done, and corrected QT was calculated. The severity of symptoms and signs of antipsychotics poisoning and related ECG changes were graded according to poisoning severity score. Results: This study revealed significant association between ECG grading and each of seizures, ICU admission, and in-hospital mortality. Significant association was also detected between corrected QT interval and ICU admission. Conclusion: It was concluded that, ECG changes could be used to predict mortality and major outcome events in antipsychotics intoxicated patients.}, keywords = {Antipsychotics,Poisoning,Electrocardiogram,corrected QT,Intensive Care Unit,Seizures,mortality,outcomes}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15877.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15877_7fd4de6f027685cfaa7076219168d7d8.pdf} } @article { author = {Mesallam, Dalia and El-Sheikh, Arwa and AbdEl-Fatah, Samaa and Abedelsalam, Noha}, title = {Effects of Brown Heroin and Tramadol Dependency on Reproductive Axis in Adult Male Albino Rats}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {62-76}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15879}, abstract = {Objective: Drugs addiction is considered a general major problem all over the world causing massive detrimental effects for the addict, communities and governments. The study was designed to assess the dependency impact of concurrent brown heroin and Tramadol administration on reproduction in rats. Material and methods: Sixty adult male albino rats were divided into untreated control (I), vehicles groups citric acid (II), saline (III), brown heroin (IV), tramadol (V) and concurrent brown heroin and tramadol (VI) groups. The animals were treated daily for forty days by oral (saline and tramadol) and intra-peritoneal (citric acid and heroin) routes. The body weights, the reproductive hormonal assay (luteinizing hormone LH, follicle stimulating hormone FSH, free Testosterone, Estradiol E2 and prolactin PRL) and the hormones related gene expression (brain FSH-B gene, LH-B gene and testicular cytochrome 19 gene CYP-19) were evaluated. The histopathological changes of the brain and testis were demonstrated. Results: The brown heroin, tramadol and the concurrent brown heroin and tramadol administration reduced the rats' body weight, serum LH, FSH and Testosterone and increased the serum E2 and PRL levels. Moreover, both heroin and tramadol produced down regulation of brain LH-B and FSH-B with up regulation of testicular CYP-19 genes expression and induced histopathological alterations in both of the brain and testicular structures. Conclusion: The concurrent brown heroin and tramadol dependency affect the reproductive axis and impaired fertility in adult male albino rats via altering the circulating reproductive hormones and its related genes expression, moreover, affecting the histology of the brain and testis. Recommendation: Health education for the purpose of increasing public awareness regarding hazards of tramadol and heroin addiction, periodic urine screening for early detection and proper management which could be done for  university students, employee in different community services….etc}, keywords = {Brown heroin,tramadol,Reproductive hormones,Gene expression,histopathology}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15879.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15879_8b7a528f17b83a6166c9942399990ea9.pdf} } @article { author = {khalifa, Heba and Lashin, Heba}, title = {Predictors for Intensive Care Unit Admission in Acute Theophylline Intoxicated Patients}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {77-86}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15880}, abstract = {Theophylline remains the most widely pharmaceuticals for the treatment of acute and chronic asthma in several developing countries, as it is effective, cheap, and widely available. Few   studies   were  investigated  to  predict  the  need  of  ICU admission based  on  clinical  parameters  recorded   at  admission. Hence, this study aimed to identify the predictors for ICU admission in acute theophylline intoxicated patients.  It was carried out on one hundred and ten acutely theophylline poisoned patients who were admitted to Poison Control Unit, Emergency Hospital, Tanta University over a period of two years. For each patient, full sociodemographic, toxicological, clinical examination and routine laboratory investigations & serum theophylline level were done. Then, all findings of acute theophylline poisoned patients were analyzed against ICU admission. Statistical significant associations were found between ICU admission and gender, dose, CNS manifestations (agitations, hallucinations and tremors), hypotension, serum potassium and serum theophylline level. Logistic regression of clinically relevant variable showed that, patients who presented with hallucination, agitation, or hypotension had an increased likelihood of requiring admission to ICU and could correctly predicted 98.2% of cases. ROC curve analysis of serum theophylline accuracy revealed that, serum level ≥ 37.5 mg/L is a fair predictor for ICU admission. It could be concluded that, in acute theophylline intoxicated patients, hallucination, agitation and hypotension could be considered as good predictors for ICU admission. While, patients who had serum theophylline level ≥ 37.5 mg/L should be admitted in ICU as high risk patients.}, keywords = {Theophylline,Acute toxicity,Intensive Care Unit,predictors}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15880.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15880_18b90147bff7807203271953b8c99b76.pdf} } @article { author = {Elhosary, Naema and El Kelany, Rabab and Eid, Galal}, title = {Comparative Study for Estimation of Stature from Tibial Length in Egyptian and Bengali Adult Population}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {87-93}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15881}, abstract = {Forensic anthropologists employ in estimating stature from fragmented body parts or human skeletal remains. This study aimed at investigating the inter-racial difference between adult Egyptian and Bengali populations regarding the body stature and tibial length, developing regression equation formulae using the percutaneous length of tibia (PCTL) to estimate stature. Four groups of adult male and female Egyptian and Bengali subjects aged ˃21 were recruited randomly. Body height and PCTL were measured using the standard anthropometric technique. The means of the stature of the studied groups exhibited significant differences between all groups (p < 0.001) except in Egyptian females versus Bengali male (p=0.067). There was no significant difference within the same sex of both ethnic groups regarding the tibial length (Females p=0 .490) and (Males p=0.905).The measured parameters of males were significantly higher than the corresponding female values. The linear regression equations derived for male and female Egyptian were 94.080+2.145 x T (± 3.57) and 76.617+2.375 x T (± 3.89), respectively. Those for male and female Bengali were 92.500+1.870 x T (± 2.93) and 105.563+1.473 x T (± 2.39), respectively.  It was concluded that the derived equations are flexible and retain realistic standard errors that can be used for stature estimation using the length of an intact mutilated leg. These equation formulae are Sex and ethnic specific. Thus, they should be endorsed in anthropological studies for stature estimation among the ethnic groups under this study.}, keywords = {Stature,tibia,Bengali,Egyptian,Simple Linear Regression Equation}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15881.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15881_3d287018f92a432a345d18adc3a662e3.pdf} } @article { author = {El galad, Ghada and Abd Eldayed, Amro and Abd Elaziz, Mai and El said, Somia}, title = {Detection of Drugs of Abuse among Drivers in Fayoum City/ Egypt}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {94-99}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15882}, abstract = {Background: There is growing interest in the part played by drugs in traffic accidents all over the world and in how to explore sufficient measures to decrease their rate. The aim of the study is to identify types of substance of abuse among drivers in Fayoum city.Aim of the work: To identify types of substance of abuse among drivers in Fayoum city. Methods: The current study was done on 200 drivers in Fayoum city. The screened drugs were cannabis, benzodiazepine, morphine and tramadol. All samples are screened by dip stick to detect studied types of drugs at forensic lab.at Fayoum University and positive samples were confirmed by gas chromatography (G.C) at poisoning center, Ain shams university. Results: The present study showed that 21.5% (n=43) of study group were drug abusers, 11.5% (n=23) were Tramadol abusers, 6.5% (n=13) of drivers were tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) abusers, and 3.5 % (n=7) THC and Tramadol abusers, on the other hand no one was morphine or benzodiazepine abusers. The present study demonstrated that among tramadol samples 34 samples were positive by dip stick, versus 30 samples were positive by G.C. The current study showed that among THC samples 22 samples were positive by dip stick versus 20 samples only were positive by G.C. Conclusion: about one fourth of the drivers were drug abusers.  Tramadol and THC were the commonly abused drugs while there were no abusers for morphine and benzodiazepine. Recommendations: Drug screening should be added to all forms of basic toxicological screening especially to those involved in acts of violence and traffic accidents and for all drivers applying for license.Also using dip stick to check for drug abuse among drivers in check points being easy and rapid method with high accuracy}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15882.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15882_292a7f74c83bfc028718c7fb89dc9ba9.pdf} } @article { author = {abo-Seria, Manar and AbdelRahman, Asmaa and mostafa, Hanan and Farag, Hisham}, title = {Study of Child Sexually Abused Cases in Cairo Governorates in the Period from (2012) to (2016)}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {100-109}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15883}, abstract = {Introduction Child sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious violation of human well-being and of the law. It is, sadly, an international problem of great magnitude that can affect children of all ages, sexes, races and socioeconomic classes. CSA is outlawed nearly everywhere in the world, generally with severe criminal penalties, including, in some jurisdictions, life imprisonment or capital punishment Aim of the study to examine the incidence, risk factors and pattern of sexual assault in children to provide grounds for effective preventive measures and to heighten awareness of the health professionals. Methods This is both retrospective and prospective study evaluating sexual assault against children that were referred to Medico-legal Office and violence against women and children clinic in the Medico-legal department of Ministry of Justice, Cairo, Egypt from 2012 to 2016.  Results The total number of CSA cases was 740 in the age range from 1 to18 years, females 391 (52.8%) were more predominant than males 349 (47.2%). The age group from 11 to 18 years accounted for the highest rate (56%), mostly in females (62.6%). El-Salaam was the most common district of reporting cases of child sexual abuse (9.7%). Most CSA cases were committed by single perpetrator (87 %) and most perpetrators were non-relative (89.1%).The most frequently reported type of child sexual abuse was anal assault (55%). Physical violence (27.7%) was the most common threat used against child cases. Majority of cases were examined after the sexual assault by more than one week (40.4%). Ecchymosis (6.1%) was the most frequent wound seen upon examination of CSA cases. Head and neck were the most common site of   traumatic lesions (5.1%). Conclusions Family doctors and other health professionals should be minded with suspecting signs of CSA and its short and long-term deleterious consequences to refer them to specialized authorities to overcome the delay of reporting and loss of forensic evidence.}, keywords = {}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15883.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15883_71c38b77c66fa911844523ab87b65670.pdf} } @article { author = {Saleh, Samira and Meligy, Fatma}, title = {Study on Toxic Effects of Lead Acetate on Cerebellar Cortical Tissue of Adult Albino Rats and the Role of Vitamin E as a Protective Agent.}, journal = {Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology}, volume = {31}, number = {2}, pages = {110-118}, year = {2018}, publisher = {Ain Shams University, Faculty of Medicine, Forensic Medicine & Clinical Toxicology Department}, issn = {1687-1030}, eissn = {2636-3356}, doi = {10.21608/ajfm.2018.15884}, abstract = { Lead is a common industrial poison that persists in the environment and has many toxic effects on different organs & tissues especially on the central nervous system. This study aimed to investigate the effects of lead administration on cerebellar cortex of adult male albino rats and the possible protecting effects of vitamin E.  Materials and Methods: Forty male albino rats, (160 ± 10 g weight) were divided into four groups, ten rats each. In the control group rats were received distilled water daily, 2nd group rats were given 30 mg/ kg lead acetate dissolved in distilled water orally daily for two months, 3rd group rats were pretreated by 100 mg/ kg vit. E orally 6 hours before administration of lead acetate by the same dose as group 2 for two months, the 4th group rats were given the same dose of lead acetate then withdrawal was done for one month. Tissue specimens then prepared for light and electron microscopic examinations. The results: By light microscope, in rats treated with lead, the number of Purkinje cells showed a significant decrease in comparison to control group, and appeared shrunken, distorted in shape with irregular nuclei, while in rats treated with lead and vitamin E, there was marked improvement of these alterations.  Electron microscopic examination showed Purkinje cells with ill defined  nucleus, vaculated or rarified cytoplasm and small electron dense mitochondria. Granular cells showed vaculated cytoplasm and mitochondria with destroyed cristae. In case of vitamin E administration, marked protection against these changes was observed, while the withdrawal group showed very little or no improvement.}, keywords = {Lead acetate,Cerebellum,vit. E,protective,withdrawal,Ultrastructure}, url = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15884.html}, eprint = {https://ajfm.journals.ekb.eg/article_15884_25e24723dd2bfa5ead1d75801af10595.pdf} }